Is Odysseus a Hero? Essay -- Homer, Odyssey Essays

All through the epic, Odysseus is depicted by his companions and friends as a radiant man, an exceptional figure. Be that as it may, all through the excursions of The Odyssey, Odysseus’ genuine character appears. Legends are no special case to human instinct; all individuals will in general act contrastingly out in the open than in private. A generally acknowledged meaning of a saint is, â€Å"a man of recognized mental fortitude or capacity, respected for his daring deeds and honorable qualities.† Odysseus has not demonstrated the respectable attributes of a legend by acting weak, boorish, narrow minded and avaricious in specific circumstances; such characteristics don't merit such a title. To be a legend, you should have a respectable and valiant reason. As The Odyssey moves along, Odysseus is uncovered not to be a saint through his disgraceful demonstrations. Homer uses the character of Odysseus to delineate bogus ethical quality which subverts the idea of his chival ry. A fundamental motivation behind why Odysseus isn't a legend is on the grounds that he controlled reality and accomplished his triumphs through untruths. Achilles, the saint from the Iliad clarifies his contemplations on the issue, â€Å"I abhor that man like the very Gates of Death/who says a certain something however conceals another in his heart† (Knox, 37). Bernard Knox who composed the prologue to the Odyssey clarifies how Odysseus values his capacity to cover and control reality. Bernard additionally says, â€Å"He will readily utilize double dealing to win victory† (Knox, 38). A saint is a man of respect with an honorable reason and heart, yet Odysseus has not one or the other. The primary qualities of a legend are that they can do brave things, however hold their respectability. On the off chance that we penance reality for progress, at that point we are no better than the beasts that we battle. Lying and cheating to complete things isn't right and normally has awful outcomes. Another reaso... ...didn't battle with ethics. As Odysseus is murdering the admirers he clarified how he despised the way that they had depleted his domain and sought his better half. â€Å"’You hounds! You never envisioned I’d come back from Troy - so cocksure that you drained my home to death, violated my serving-lady - charmed my significant other despite my good faith while I was still alive!†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Homer, 22.36-39). What is intriguing about this line is that the primary thing that he blamed the admirers for was spending his home. This line is additionally significant in light of the fact that the last wrongdoing he charged against them was the charming of his better half. This line demonstrates that Odysseus thinks more about his riches than even his family. No saint should think that much about close to home belongings. In view of the realities that Odysseus thinks increasingly about himself and that he has no ethical code I unequivocally accept that he ought not be give n the title of legend.

Religion And Islamic View On Homosexuality Religion Essay

Religion And Islamic View On Homosexuality Religion Essay Explaination:- Lut is alluded to as Lot in the Hebrew Scriptures. This entry is an obvious reference to the exercises at Sodom and Gamorah. Imply can't help thinking that there was no gay conduct before it initially showed up in Sodom. This is an exceptionally Islamic idea; it doesn't show up in Jewish or Christian convictions. The entry likewise connects the transgression of Sodom (the explanation behind its decimation) to homosexuality.That linkage is negated by different refrains in the Hebrew Scriptures. The Quran restricts any sexual relationship with the exception of in a marriage among male and female. It is encouraged to accept Homosexual as a trial of life and smother the inclination to observe Gods law in Islam. As indicated by The Islam Society of North America, Dr. Muzammil Siddiqi, stated: Homosexuality is an ethical issue, a transgression and corruption㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ No individual is brought into the world gay, much the same as nobody is brought into the world a criminal, a liar or killer. Individuals gain these shrewd propensities because of an absence of appropriate guideance and training. He likewise said : There are numerous reasons why it is taboo in Islam. Homosexuality is risky for the soundness of the people and for the general public. It is a primary driver of one of the most destructive and deadly maladies. It is shocking for the two people. It debases an individual. Islam trains that men ought to be people ought to be ladies. Homosexuality denies a man of his masculinity and a lady of her womanhood. It is the most un-regular lifestyle. Homosexuality prompts the obliteration of family life. Every Islamic way of thinking and statute believe gay acts to be unlawful yet they vary as far as punishment:- The Hanafite school (at present observed mostly in South and Eastern Asia) encouraged that no physical discipline is justified. The Hanabalites, (generally followed in the Arab world) instructed that extreme discipline is justified. The Shafi way of thinking (likewise found in the Arab world) requires at least 4 grown-up male observers before an individual can be seen as blameworthy of a gay demonstration. Since Iranian upset in 1979, Al-Fatiha gauges that 4,000 gay people have been executed in Iran and 10 open executions of gay people have been acted in Afghanistan by the Taliban armed force. End, in Islam, plainly gay isn't right and can't be acknowledged and pratise by Muslim and there is discipline of Muslim who practice. The punnishment additionally contrast in schools and Muslim who have a place with a particular school will experience the punishment that is justified br that specific school. Christian view about Homosexual As Bible is the Holy Book for Christians, the Bible had talk about homosexuality in certain refrains. The following is the case of some the sections:- In the Old Testament, gay conduct is referenced in the account of the devastation of the urban areas of Sodom and Gomorrah by God in the book of Genesis (Revised Standard Version, RSV), >>> Chapter 19 Gen.19,1â â â The two blessed messengers came to Sodom at night; and Lot was sitting in the door of Sodom. At the point when Lot saw them, he rose to meet them, and bowed himself with his face to the earth, Gen.19,2â â â and stated, lMy rulers, turn aside, I supplicate you, to your workers house and go through the night, and wash your feet; at that point you may ascend early and go on your way.l They stated, lNo; we will go through the night in the street.l Gen.19,3â â â But he encouraged them firmly; so they went aside to him and went into his home; and he made them a blowout, and heated unleavened bread, and they ate. Gen.19,4â â â But before they set out, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, both youthful and old, all the individuals including every man, encompassed the house; Gen.19,5â â â and they called to Lot, lWhere are the men who came to you today? Bring them out to us, that we may know them [New International Version (NIV): can engage in sexual relations with them , New Jerusallam Bible (NJB): can have sex with them].l The book of Leviticus likewise specifies gay behaviour(Revised Standard Version, RSV): Lev.18,22â â â You will not lie with a male likewise with a lady; it is a cursed thing Lev.18,23â â â And you will not lie with any monster and debase yourself with it, neither will any lady offer herself to a brute to lie with it: it is corruption. Lev.18,24â â â lDo not debase yourselves by any of these things, for by all these the countries I am throwing out before you contaminated themselves; Lev.18,25â â â and the land got contaminated, with the goal that I rebuffed its injustice, and the land heaved out its occupants. In the New Testament St. Paul expounds on gay conduct in his letter to the Romans (RSV): Rom.1,24â â â Therefore God surrendered them in the desires of their souls to debasement, to the shaming of their bodies among themselves, Rom.1,25â â â in light of the fact that they traded reality with regards to God for a falsehood and revered and served the animal as opposed to the Creator, who is honored for ever! So be it. Rom.1,26â â â For this explanation God surrendered them to disreputable interests. Their ladies traded regular relations for unnatural, Rom.1,27â â â and the men in like manner surrendered regular relations with ladies and were overwhelmed by energy for each other, men submitting bold acts with men and getting in their own people the due punishment for their mistake. Rom.1,32â â â Though they realize Gods order that the individuals who do such things have the right incredible, not exclusively do them yet support the individuals who practice them. [source from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality] Notwithstanding, homosexuality is acknowledged by some Christian division and the acception of gay couple can be catogeries into permits as individuals, appoints, favors association and weds. These are acception of some denomiation:- Denomiation Permits as individuals Appoints Favors Union Weds Methodist Indeed No No No Roman Catholic Church Yes(but may conceivably be denied ceremonies since it changes) No(celibate gay men additionally not to be appointed, ladies are resticted paying little heed to direction) No No Episcopal Indeed Indeed Indeed Yes(allows Bishops to choose) [Source from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominational_positions_on_homosexuality] In conlusion, the greater part of Chritianity denomiation doesn't acknowledge homosexually completely and Christian is limited to their denomiation to allude on gay. Anyway , in Bible, it is expressed in numerous refrains that can be deciphered that gay isn't right and disallowed. Buddhism see about gay Buddha didn't leave any showing neither gay direction nor gay conduct. He urge his supporter to look at and test reality of strict educating before tolerating them; be a light onto yourself. Buddhism instructs to do thing that valuable and helpful,based on honest goal and opportunity from hurt. There are a few contentions produced using fundamental Buddhist priciples, which is Buddhas Eightfold Path. Second of the eight stages is called as Samma sankappa: right reasoning or right purpose. At the point when this progression is identified with sexual conduct, it is clarified as that it isn't permitted to connect with pleasurable exercises, for example, masturbation and furthermore hurt someone else. Other than that, fourth step of the eight stage, Samma Kammanta; right lead or right conduct likewise been connected with sexual conduct. This progression is clarified as that protected sex ought to be practice to abstain from passing STDs which may cause demise, draw in with just sex that has shared assent, and maintain a strategic distance from unlawful sex. From here, as indicated by essential Buddhist standard, we can say that gay can be practice with the exception of if there is no common assent or it is unlawful and furthermore safe sex isn't practice. Theravada Buddhism is one of the biggest division of Buddhism. Theravada Buddhists state that in the event that a relationship gives out joy and prosperity to the two gatherings, at that point it is sure and can be acknowledged. Kerry Trembathe remarked that Buddhist chiefs gathered coercive sex, sexual harashment, youngster attack and infidelity as sexuall unfortunate behavior however hetero and gay sex are acknowledged. Kerry Thembathe finishes up:- lUnfortunately, it can't be said that gay people in nations where Buddhists are in the lion's share are any more liberated from bias and segregation than they are in different nations. Wherever it has flourished, Buddhism has consumed parts of the predominant culture, and this has now and then been to its hindrance. Nor is it consistent with state that individuals who uphold Buddhism are themselves any more liberated from biased perspectives than those of different influences. Anyway unmistakably there is nothing in the Buddhas lessons to legitimize judgment of homosexuality or gay acts. I can't help suspecting that numerous gays and lesbians, especially in Western nations, are attracted to Buddhism on account of its resistance and its hesitance to draw inflexible good lines, in spite of the fact that obviously I have no hard proof for this. Similar standards would be utilized to assess all connections and sexual conduct, regardless of whether hetero or homosexual.l [Source from: htt p://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_budd.htm ] Hinduisme see about gay Homosexuality is a dubious issue inside Hindus ecspecialy among Hindus in nations where homosexually is acknowledged for the most part. The renowned Kama Sutra expresses that gay sex is to be occupied with for the wellbeing of its own as expressions. There are arguement is done on this subject against the Hinduisms lessons on love,sex and marriage. In Hinduism, love is an outer power which is essential to accomplish Moksha. Suggestive want or Kama in Hinduism is one of the most legimate joys on earth, anyway pre-marriage sex and extramarital sex is restricted. This is sum up of the arguemnt. A few people doesn't consent to acknowledge gay and these are their focuses:- Sentimental love normally among people and it is incomprehensible for gay individuals to encounter this lov

Blog Archive MBA News MBAs Are in High Demand at Companies, New GMAC Survey Shows

Blog Archive MBA News MBAs Are in High Demand at Companies, New GMAC Survey Shows Three out of four companies plan to hire MBAs this year, the Graduate Management Admission Council’s (GMAC’s) annual Year-End Poll of Employers report reveals. The recently released results show that 96% of the 179 surveyed recruiters from 159 employers believe hiring MBAs will create value for the company, while 69% view recruiting business school graduates as a priority in the firm’s hiring plans. “We are expanding our MBA hiring because the company needs to fill the leadership pipeline,” one U.S. manufacturing recruiter commented in the report. The trend is not new: 85% of respondents said they plan to hire as many or more MBAs than they did last year. Employers in the United States are more inclined to take on business school graduates than their European counterpartsâ€"82% of U.S. employers are reportedly likely to hire MBAs, while the number of European companies was lower at 63%. In any case, employment perspectives look fairly bright, as a U.S. health care/pharmaceutical employer notes in the survey: “The job market continues to improve at a faster rate for MBAs.” Share ThisTweet News

Why Get an Economics Ph.D

Ive been getting quite a few e-mails lately from people asking me if they should consider doing a Ph.D. in Economics. I wish I could help these people more, but without knowing more about them, Im not at all comfortable giving career advice. However, I can list a few types of people who should not do graduate work in economics: Types of People Who Have No Business in an Economics Ph.D. Program Not a superstar in mathematics. By mathematics, I do not mean calculus. I mean, the theorem - proof - theorem - proof type mathematics of real analysis. If you are not excellent at this type of mathematics, you will not make it to Christmas in your first year. Love applied work but hate theory. Do a Ph.D. in Business instead - it is half the work and when you leave you to get twice the salary. Its a no-brainer. Are a great communicator and teacher, but bored by research. Academic economics is set up for people who have a comparative advantage in research. Go somewhere where a comparative advantage in communication is an asset - such as a business school or into consulting. A recent blog post by GMU Economics Prof Tyler Cowen, titled Trudies advice to would-be economists that is an absolute must-read for anyone considering attempting a Ph.D. in Economics. I found this part particularly interesting: Types of People Who Succeed As Academic Economists Cowens first two groups are relatively straight-forward. The first group includes exceptionally strong students at math who can get into top-ten schools and are willing to work long hours. The second group is those who enjoy teaching, do not mind the relatively low pay and will perform a little research. The third group, in Prof Cowens words:3. You do not fit either #1 or #2. Yet you have climbed out of the cracks rather than falling into them. You do something different and still have managed to make your way doing research, albeit of a different kind. You will always feel like an outsider in the profession and perhaps you will be under-rewarded... Sadly, the chance of achieving #3 is fairly low. You need some luck and perhaps one or two special skills other than math... if you have a clearly defined Plan B your chance of succeeding at #3 diminishes? It is important to be fully committed.I thought my advice would be a great deal different that Dr. Cowens. For one thing, he completed his Ph.D. in Economics and has a pretty successful career at it. My situation is a great deal different; I transferred from doing a Ph.D. in Economics to a Ph.D. in Business Administration. I do just as much economics as I did when I was in Economics, except I now work shorter hours and get paid a great deal more. So I believe Im more likely to discourage people from going into Economics than Dr. Cowen. High Opportunity Costs Destroy Grad School Completion Rates Needless to say, I was surprised when I read Cowens advice. I always hoped to fall into the #3 camp, but hes correct - in economics, its very, very tough to do. I cant stress enough the importance of not having a plan B. Once you get into a Ph.D. program, everyone is very bright and talented and everyone is at least moderately hard working (and most could be described as workaholics). The most important factor Ive seen that determines whether or not someone completes their degree is the availability of other lucrative options. If youve got nowhere else to go, youre a lot less likely to say to heck with this, Im leaving! when things get really tough (and they will). The people that left the Economics Ph.D. program I was in (University of Rochester - one of those Top Ten programs Dr. Cowen discusses) werent any more or less bright than those who stayed. But, for the most part, they were the ones with the best external options. Opportunity costs are the death of graduate school careers. Economics Graduate School - Another Point of View Prof. Kling also discussed the three categories on the EconLib blog, in an entry titled Why Get an Econ Ph.D.?. Heres a snippet of what he said:I see academics as very much a status game. You worry about whether or not you have tenure, the reputation of your department, the reputation of the journals in which you publish, and so on... Economics as a Status Game I would agree with all that as well. The idea of academia as a status game goes well beyond Economics; its no different at business schools, from what Ive seen. I think an Economics Ph.D. is a terrific option for many people. But before you dive in, I think you need to ask yourself if the people described as succeeding at it sound like you. If they dont, you might want to consider a different endeavor.

An Ethical Dilemma in the Counselling Profession Essay

Exploring an Ethical Dilemma Introduction â€Å"Confidentiality is the foundation of safe therapy.† (Coreyamp;Corey, p.208 from Grosso, 2002) As a counsellor I have an obligation to follow professional standards and apply appropriate behaviour defined by mental health associations. The purpose of this is to prevent harm to clients as well as to define my own professional values. Working in the helping profession I will come across situations where I need to make a decision on whether to breach confidentiality in order to protect my client or others or â€Å"simply† practise within the framework of social equity and justice. I will use the â€Å"Practisioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making† model of Holly Forerster-Miller and Thomas†¦show more content†¦Are there any other paths I could follow in this situation? The trust between Heather and me as a Counsellor is a vital part of our therapeutic relationship. I am aware that my client must feel that whatever she discloses in therapy will be treated confidentially. As a counsellor I am not to disclose information unless required by law or authorized by my client. The informed consent document Heather has signed prior to our first session does not state particularly that the Counsellor has to break confidentiality in instances of child abuse. Applying the ACA Code of Ethics I am now reviewing the ACA Code of Ethics to find out whether I can use these guidelines to find a solution to the problem. Reading the Code of Ethics (ACA, 2005) I find the following aspects that are part of this dilemma: A.1.a. Primary Responsibility My client is vulnerable and in need have trust in our therapeutic relationship. Heather is generally not an outspoken person therefore I do not take her openness in my sessions for granted. Heather has expressed how much our sessions have helped her so far and that they have become an important part of her life. A.4.a. Avoiding Harm I will have to find out whether the harm on breaching confidentiality is bigger than the harm we might do when keeping the violence of the father confidential. A.4.b PersonalShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Of A Profession Of Interest1694 Words   |  7 Pagesfocuses on ethical issues in relation to a profession of interest. The profession of interest chosen for this report is counselling. This was done through sourcing of relevant documents related to the profession. The potential ethical dilemma (case study) that would be discussed looks at the confidentiality that exists between a counsellor and client. Ethical approaches that were recognized when making decisions in the text would be highlighted. Introduction Profession of interest Counselling occursRead MoreThe Importance of Ethics in Counselling904 Words   |  4 Pagesspiritual values. Within the counselling profession however there is a strict ethical framework which must be adhered to. This framework has been developed over the years to insure integrity, confidentiality, and responsibility on the part of the counsellor. In this essay I will discuss briefly the importance of ethics within the counselling profession, I will also outline a few of the major ethical dilemmas that might possibly arise while working in the field of counselling. â€Å"The primary role ofRead MoreCreating a Counselling Skills Professional Framework2043 Words   |  9 Pagesuses counselling skills and a qualified and trained counsellor A qualified counsellor has undertaken a structured training programme and developed and practiced skills needed to become a trained counsellor. They are likely to have trained for several years and specialised to a much higher level than someone who uses counselling skills. They will also have undertaken therapy themselves and addressed any issues or emotional blocks that they may have, whereas a person who uses counselling skillsRead MoreNursing Leaders Are Struggling Ethical Dilemmas1263 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggling in ethical dilemmas daily. Ethical dilemma is one of the issue/challenge to the nursing leader. Ethical dilemmas occur when nursing personal values and beliefs conflict with some aspect of nursing care. The struggle is to provide the best nursing care despite of the nurses’ feelings. For example: RN/ nursing leader in residential home has always dilemmas while restraining the patient. sometime patient become so aggressive that they can harm other people and worker. 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As an individual, Ray is facing many dilemmas and obstacles in the context of his actions as he himself states, â€Å"I knew from a textbook standpoint it was wrong†¦ it’s different when you’re in it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, given the nature of this case and the information that Ray shared during our sessions the dilemma is mine. I must adhere to ethical, professional, moral and legal issues as Ray works in an advocacy role with young people. â€Å"†¦The challengeRead MoreThe Ethical Framework And How Its Principles Promote Carl Roger s Ideas Within Person Centered Approach3642 Words   |  15 Pagesof counseling and psychotherapy. In this essay I shall discuss importance of the BACP Ethical Framework and how its principles promote Carl Roger’s ideas within Person-centered approach. I also include few major professional aspects that are fundamental in good counselling practice such as supervision, confidentiality, research or referrals. The BACP Ethical Framework Clients who seek therapeutic help/counselling may be in a vulnerable position and feel anxious or depressed. Some people could latelyRead MoreEssay about CCMH506 R2 Personality In Counseling Worksheet WK1819 Words   |  4 Pagesof the counseling profession? How has this changed over time? Why is this important to study? A. My practical view of the philosophy of the counseling profession is that each session is a journey of self-exploration by the client, meant to increase his/her level of self-understanding and self-awareness. B. The counseling profession itself is a little more than a hundred years old. A license can be gained in almost every state for the profession. In order to unify the profession as a whole thoughRead MoreSexual Abuse And The Ethical Codes Of Conduct1788 Words   |  8 PagesPossible abuses in Counselling This essay aims to investigate and research potential risks, possible adverse outcomes, and consequences of abuse and/or violating the ethical codes of conduct. Three specific examples in this essay will discuss: (a) Client rights on informed consent; (b) breach of confidentially; and (c) boundary transgression. The goal to (a) Define, detail and explain each possible abuse/violation, (b) clarify any possible legal implications, distinguishing between possible legalRead MoreEssay on Confidentiality Issue Case Study1790 Words   |  8 PagesConfidentiality Issue Case Study Counselling is a professional activity, which can be harmful if correct procedures are not followed. Counsellors are dedicated to respecting the rights of those persons seeking their assistance. They must know their rights. It is part of the counsellor’s responsibility to encourage clients to take responsibility themselves. Confidentiality is an ethical issue, which involves keeping the client’s personal information to yourself.

Hiv And Its Effects On Hiv - 964 Words

HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it.† (Diana, 1987) Princess Diana declared these words at an Aids Center in London as she sat on the bed of a patient and held his hand. She did this to destroy the notion that a majority of the population believed that the virus could be spread through casual contact (Thompson, 2007). HIV remains for human immunodeficiency infection. The infection can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Dissimilar to some different infections, the human body can t dispose of HIV. That implies that once you have HIV, you have it forever (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Today, scientists are still working to find a treatment for HIV and the recent studies show that a new vaccine will be developed by 2025 (Fauci,2008). These are quite promising studies for the whole world. However, it is important to understand people who are living with that virus are also struggling with social, economic and psychological problems. Recent researches demonstrate that HIV might have got over from apes to humans roughly in the late 1800’s. After the 19th century, HIV has gradually sprawled across Africa and then into other parts of the world. According to the CDC, HIV has discovered in the US in the early 1980s (CDC, 2015). Generally, acute infection, clinical latency and finally AIDS are the three major stages of HIV. High fever, rash and soreShow MoreRelatedHiv And Its Effects On Hiv Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are good happenings in life, there are bad happenings as well. Overtime there have been new diseases and viruses that strike us unexpectedly and for the worst. One of the many epidemic viruses that shook our world was the virus known as HIV. When the virus HIV first hit the globe it was horrifying and everyone around the world was petrified for his or her life. For instance, folks believed it would be another plaque s equence where many people died like the drop of a dime. In fact, the virus wasRead MoreThe Effects Of Fear On Hiv And Hiv1806 Words   |  8 Pagestreats or views patients who have been diagnosed as HIV positive. Due to the lack of general knowledge regarding the illness and how it is transmitted, they are led to believe a HIV positive person is extremely contagious, and can go on to infect anyone within the general vicinity. As we now know, it has become apparent that HIV can only be transmitted through certain activities that involve fluid transfer between an infected patient and someone who is HIV negative. These activities include sexual intercourseRead MoreThe Effects of HIV754 Words   |  3 PagesMental Hygiene, The Bronx has the highest HIV infection rate in New York City. In 2013, NYC.gov reported 35,172 people were living with HIV/AIDS in the Bronx. Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is the fin al stage of HIV. This is a world wide epidemic, especially because most people living with HIV dont have access to prevention, care or treatment and there is still no cure. HIV can be transmitted from certain fluids suchRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Society1724 Words   |  7 PagesHIV Song Choi 76914396 Public Health 1 2016 Dr. Zuzana Bic Public Health Problem HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, belongs to a group of virus called retroviruses. HIV attacks the immune system and gradually causes greater and harmful damages. This means that without the proper care or treatment, a person who is affected by HIV is at a higher risk of developing infections and cancers than those who have a healthy immune system. HIV is an importantRead MoreThe Effects of Hiv/Aids2132 Words   |  9 Pages | QUESTION: Discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on education. CONTENTS 1.) Introduction. 2.) Discussion. i.)   loss of professionals to the effects of HIV and AIDS ii)   Funds channeled to combat effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya iii) High dropout rates to the effects of HIV and AIDS on education iv) The introduction of HIV and AIDS as a unit on the Kenyan syllabus v)  Ã‚   Stigmatizations caused by the effects of HIV and AIDS on education in Kenya 3.) ConclusionRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Society3640 Words   |  15 Pagesevery field up till now and still continued. Same is the matter with health issues of people, there are diseases which are treated by the doctors and they have a solution for those diseases but few diseases solutions are not developed yet completely. HIV is one of the diseases on which a lot of research has already been conducted, but, still scientists are working on this to get the best solution for the treatment. Hence, there are many procedures already available to deal with this disease, but notRead MoreEffects Of Reduction Of HIV1296 Words   |  6 PagesReduction of HIV through PrEP on African American MSM Introduction Sexual Transmitted Infections’ (STI) are a significant health problem worldwide despite being neglected from the stigma and taboo associated with it. There are over 25 diseases that can be transmitted through sexual activity. Many STIs are unnoticeable as a result of the symptoms being asymptomatic and the stigma that is attached to getting an STI would discourage an individual from getting treatment. These infections could leadRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Children1149 Words   |  5 PagesHIV What is HIV? HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. Infection by this virus frequently leads to AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Viral infection initially causes a flu-like illness characterized by fever, sore throat, headache, rash, gastrointestinal discomfort, and body aches (mylagias). The virus tends to stay dormant for months or years while it is slowly killing immune cells – especially CD4 cells. Individuals with high viral loads and low CD4 cell counts have high viralRead MoreHiv, Its Origin And Evolutionary Effects Essay2370 Words   |  10 PagesBiology Essay. TITLE: HIV, its origin and evolutionary effects. Name: Alice Herrera / 00053342 Contents Page Abstract.............................................................................................................1 Introduction........................................................................................................1-2 Origin of HIV.......................................................................................................3-4 How HIV is spread......Read MoreHiv / Aids And Its Effects On Society1500 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), and is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS HIV/AIDS deteriorates a person s ability to fight infections. It can be transmitted through direct contact of a mucous member or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid and breast milk and through unprotected sex and needle sharing. An HIV test checks finding. Medications may

Importance of Process Design of Service NHS

Question: Describe about importance of process design of service, overall aims and objectives of product or service, stages of service for illustrating the design concept and impact of the performance objectives on the design? Answer: Introduction National Health Services or NHS is the largest public health care organisation. Since the establishment of the organisation in 1948, it is providing health care service to the citizens of United Kingdom. Since the through reform of the organisation in 2013, the organisation has faced several changes in the different fields. Now the health care services are much flexible for the further improvement. The organisation has recently decided to improve its performances in the care for the elderly people. The advanced instruments for moving elderly or disabled patients were a difficult job (Vera and Kuntz, 2007). The existing slings and hoists were good but better alternatives can be introduced for the improvement of the health care provisions. This report will evaluate the need of the process design for the improvement of the facilities and service for the elderly and disabled people. The provisions of the health care service improvement, the aims and objectives of the service, concept of the service design will be assessed in the report. The report will further investigate on the possible impacts of the performance objectives for the modification and improvement of the design. Importance of process design of service The process design is necessary whenever a new service is being introduces or a existing service is being modified. It comes after the completion of the plan of a new project. The complete project is the combination of different processes, which are interrelated with each other. The process-deign helps to form a flow chart of these processes so that the project can be completed in the most efficient way and in optimum cost (Migdadi, 2012). For a service providing organisation, the proper allocation and availability of the different resources should be assured by the by the efficient process design. The design will help the project to be success full to meet the target objectives of the project. In this case, NHS is trying to modify the health and social care services of the elderly and disabled people so that they can be provided by the most advanced and safe infrastructure. The process needs to introduce different new instruments, facilities, trained employees and technologies. The project also requires selecting the best practices and best technologies among the available modern practices. The introduction of a new system always needs proper financial and human resource support. The project planning will have significant impact over the process design. The aim of the project is segmented by the different objectives, which will be met after the completion of the project. The perfect process designing will help a project to make the overall process so efficient that it will meet all of the objectives successfully. The National Health Service (NHS) provides health car services to the patients. The safety and security of the patients are the ultimate goal of the organisation (Blackhurst et al., 2005). The inefficient service can even cause life risks for the patients. Specially, in case of the vulnerable adults, the health care service should be more secured. They are not very much healthy to withstand any small difficulties. The risk elimination needs to be modified through the advanced instrumentation for moving the vulnerable adults from one pace to other efficiently. This project will help to improve the system with a systematic approach. The process design will help NHS to carry out the modification of the service system to the vulnerable adults and the disabled persons. The process design also has effect on the performance of the individual processes of a project. As all of the processes are interrelated and mostly dependent on each other, with out proper arrangement abruptly carried out process will obviously fail (DING et al., 2009). Thus, process design for this issue is very much important for the project of service modification in NHS. Overall aims and objectives of product or service The overall aims and objectives of a project should be properly addressed so that the outcome of the project can be targeted throughout the completion of each of the processes. The plan of the project will indicate the aims and objectives of the service improvement that will help NHS to improve its service efficiency. For setting the service aims, it is necessary to understand the existing system and the probable future system that is gong to be implemented. The different systems and technologies are available in the modern medical service related science (AHMADI et al., 2009). The organisation can implement any o the services that will meet their requirements of the service improvement. The flexibility is one of the most important issues that should be integrated in the improvement of the system, as an implementation of a system not so flexible can affect the provision of the further improvement or development oft eh system. Thus, the aims and objectives of the project must be set c onsidering these factors. The aims and objective have direct impact on the process designing methods. The overall aim of the project is to provide the best facilities to the vulnerable adult patients of National Health Service (NHS). The difficulties of moving the patients and the risk factors involving in the existing system of moving the patients are aimed to eliminate through this project. The project aims to implement a modified system by introducing new technology, infrastructure, expert employees and instruments by analysing the existing and the available systems. The objectives of the project are set so that the project processes can be identified specifically and carried out in a systematic order. The objectives of the service modification of NHS are as follows. To carry out a risk assessment program on the exiting system of moving elderly and disabled patients To understand the different available new technologies for serving similar services To evaluate the efficiency and drawbacks of the existing system by analysing the existing systems in comparison with the provisions of the available new systems To select the best alternatives and the areas where the modification is required To improve the efficiency of the service and the safety of the patients with in the NHS service system towards elderly and disables patients by implementing advanced and better system by modifying the exiting one These objectives are to be met through the process designing (Lu and Wood, 2006). The different stages of the processes are to be arranged by process designing methods so that these objectives can be met efficiently. Stages of service for illustrating the design concept The process designing should include several processes through different stages. The stages help to make the performance to be more efficient. The process deigns help to arrange the content of the different stages in an overall project. A systematic process overview should be selected after evaluating the opportunities and the risk factors of the project (Ding, 2015). In case of the modification of the existing system, it is necessary to understand the strength and weakness of the existing system. The risk factors of the existing system are to be evaluated for the system evaluation and selection of the best alternatives. The study of the available system will help to understand the opportunities of the growth of the infrastructure of the organisation. The national Health Services (NHS) is an organisation that always needs to perform safely. Thus, the safety requirements are to be evaluated in the existing and the expected system most precisely. Again, the areas of the modification ar e to be detected so that the project team can lead the process effectively. After the detection of the required improvement areas and the existing system drawbacks, the stages of the service design will helps to improve the organisational service (zkan-Seely et al., 2015). However, the outcome is the improvement of service and the improvement of the safety measures. Thus, the following stages will help to concept of the design of the service modification of the project. Allocating resources: The very first stage after the selection of the best alternatives of the existing system is to locate the availability of the resources. The resources may be instruments, machineries or financial requirements. The safety measures will also be considered as the resources. The safety practices will be assured if all of the resources that will be necessary are allocated perfectly (Donk and Fransoo, 2006). Again, the system implementation also needs to carry out the optimisation of the cost resources. This process of optimisation of cost must not affect the outcome of the resources. The project will need to replace the hoists and the slings of the organisation with the new and modified one with added facilities and instruments. The automotive system for moving the patients will also be added with the system. Employee recruitment and training: The recruitment and training is very much necessary in the project (Fixson, 2005). As the existing employees may not be as efficient in operating the new technologies as they were with the existing technologies. Thus, it is necessary to carry out a recruitment and selection process. The existing employees will also require to be trained with the use of the new technology so that they can carry out their health care activities efficiently. Systematic change and replacing the existing system with the new one: The employees of the organisation and the patients of the organisation are in continuous service. It is not possible to stop services for implementing or modifying the system of NHS. This could hamper the safety of the patients. Thus, it is necessary to make a team that will guide the modification process. Thus, it is necessary to inform all of the employees regarding the changes (Greasley, 2006). The change will be carried out through several stages the employees should be trained part by part and the replacement of the instruments and system should be carried out accordingly. Monitoring and further improvement: When the implementation of the new system is complete, it is not the end of the project. A project team will further carry out their activities of the project by monitoring the activities of the organisation (Vos et al., 2007). The performance of the implementation should be evaluated by the [project team so that the efficiency of the performance of the new project can be measured and decisions regarding the further changes can be taken for the improvement of the services. Impact of the performance objectives on the design The design o the process will be improved by the performance objectives. The performance objectives are set so that the improvement of the activities of the organisation can be identified efficiently. The project should be carried out o that the aims of the project could be reached.teh performance objectives are the final goal for NHS. The efficiency of the project regarding the meeting of the performance objectives can be evaluated though the measuring the performance before and after the implementation of the modified system (Kastberg and Siverbo, 2013). The safety performance can be measured by carrying out the risk assessment program after the implementation of the new system. The performance objectives also reflect on the customer satisfaction measurements. The feedback of the customers of NHS can be analysed for the measuring the success of the project. The project design should be one in accordance with the performance objectives. The choice o the best alternatives will be mod ified with the performance objectives. The highest level of safety performance should be reached with the most appropriate technology (Kumar and Suresh, 2009). The consumer satisfaction will also affect the modification necessities. The time also has impact over the design of the project. The modification should be carried out with in a scheduled time. Thus, the design of the project should be modified in accordance with the time constraint. Conclusion The project management is a tough work, as the managers need to understand all of the necessary factors that have impact over the project there are different factors that can be considered as the risk of the existing system (Krajewski et al., 2010). The implementation process also may have different drawbacks that affect the performance. However, the proper operations management NHS need to modify its existing system of the safety movement of the elderly and disabled patients. The proper process design will help to lead the project complete efficiently and meet the performance objectives of NHS. References AHMADI, J., AHMADI, R. and RAO, J. (2009). PRODUCT/PROCESS DESIGN IN MASS PLACEMENT PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD ASSEMBLY.Production and Operations Management, 4(4), pp.401-413. Blackhurst, J., Wu, T. and OGrady, P. (2005). PCDM: a decision support modeling methodology for supply chain, product and process design decisions.Journal of Operations Management, 23(3-4), pp.325-343. DING, J., GONG, L. and TANG, K. (2009). EFFECTS OF RANDOM SHIFTS OF TESTING EQUIPMENT ON PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN AND SELECTION OF PROCESS CONTROL POLICIES*.Production and Operations Management, 11(2), pp.125-138. Ding, X. (2015). The impact of service design and process management on clinical quality: An exploration of synergetic effects.Journal of Operations Management, 36, pp.103-114. Donk, D. and Fransoo, J. (2006). Operations management research in process industries.Journal of Operations Management, 24(3), pp.211-214. Fixson, S. (2005). Product architecture assessment: a tool to link product, process, and supply chain design decisions.Journal of Operations Management, 23(3-4), pp.345-369. Forza, C., Salvador, F. and Rungtusanatham, M. (2005). Coordinating product design, process design, and supply chain design decisions.Journal of Operations Management, 23(3-4), pp.319-324. Greasley, A. (2006).Operations management. Chichester, England: Wiley. Kastberg, G. and Siverbo, S. (2013). The Design and Use of Management Accounting Systems in Process Oriented Health Care - An Explorative Study.Financial Accountability Management, 29(3), pp.246-270. Krajewski, L., Ritzman, L. and Malhotra, M. (2010).Operations management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Kumar, S. and Suresh, N. (2009).Operations management. New Delhi: New Age International. Lu, Q. and Wood, L. (2006). The refinement of design for manufacture: inclusion of process design.Int Jrnl of Op Prod Mnagemnt, 26(10), pp.1123-1145. Migdadi, Y. (2012). Identifying the effective banking service delivery process design strategy in developing economies (the case of Jordan).International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 11(4), p.428. Miller, L. and Park, C. (2005). A Learning Real Options Framework with Application to Process Design and Capacity Planning.Production and Operations Management, 14(1), pp.5-20. zkan-Seely, G., Gaimon, C. and Kavadias, S. (2015). Dynamic Knowledge Transfer and Knowledge Development for Product and Process Design Teams.Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 17(2), pp.177-190. Petersen, K., Handfield, R. and Ragatz, G. (2005). Supplier integration into new product development: coordinating product, process and supply chain design.Journal of Operations Management, 23(3-4), pp.371-388. Vera, A. and Kuntz, L. (2007). Process-based organization design and hospital efficiency.Health Care Management Review, 32(1), pp.55-65. Vos, L., Groothuis, S. and van Merode, G. (2007). Evaluating hospital design from an operations management perspective.Health Care Management Science, 10(4), pp.357-364.

Northwestern University Admission Essay Help

Northwestern University Admission Essay Help Essay Promts Admission Essay requirements Personal Essay is required for undergraduate admisssions. Applicants to Northwestern complete two essays: the Common Application essay and the Northwestern Writing Supplement essay. The suggested word limit guideline gives you the chance to answer each question in detail, while also challenging you to write in a concise and clear manner. In the Northwestern Writing Supplement, we ask students to explain why they would like to attend Northwestern. This question is intentionally open-ended. You may choose one or several aspects of Northwestern to focus your writing, though the majority of the essay’s content should relate to your own interests or experiences. Admission essay/personal statement prompts Personal essay TIP: Essays are an opportunity – they are one of the few sections of your application that you can manage right now, rather than being dependent on your past performance. Essay writing is an excellent opportunity for personal expression and original thought. Office of Admissions Contacts Office of Undergraduate Admission 1801 Hinman Avenue Evanston, IL 60208 (847) 491-7271   LinkedIn University Ranking for Media ProfessionalsGraduate  #3 for Media ProfessionalsUndergraduate  #5 for MarketersUndergraduate  #9 for Investment BankersUndergraduate  #24 Alumni statistics Where they live Greater Chicago Area 44,925 Greater New York City Area 10,320 San Francisco Bay Area 6,985 Greater Los Angeles Area 5,008 Washington D.C. Metro Area 4,813 Where they work Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine 399 Google 366 Accenture 358 Deloitte 331 IBM 304 What they do Education 13,851 Media and Communication 12,889 Research 10,134 Entrepreneurship 9,009 Healthcare Services 7,773 Consulting 6,757 Marketing 6,711 Operations 6,618 What they studied Economics 12,040 Journalism 9,492 Marketing 7,586 Political Science and Government 7,194 Psychology 6,697 Communication, General 5,607 English Language and Literature/Letters 5,372 History 5,279 What they’re skilled at Public Speaking 22,265 Research 22,152 Leadership 21,725 Social Media 20,276 Management 19,636 Microsoft Office 18,974 Strategic Planning 17,845 Editing 15,918 Daniel Roth Executive Editor at LinkedIn Senior Editor at Fortune Magazine Managing Editor, Fortune.com at Fortune Magazine Senior Writer at Condà © Nast Portfolio BSJ, Journalism, Economics, Linguistics Nancy Kruse Menu Maven and Trend Tracker; President, The Kruse Company Executive Vice President at Technomic, Inc. President at The Kruse Company Contributing Editor at Nations Restaurant News M.A., Film Amy Chen Editor at LinkedIn Online Editor, Travel at Frommers.com Community Manager at LinkedIn Freelance Writer: travel, personal finance, gear, tech, health, how-to at Money magazine, Real Simple magazine, and more B.S., Journalism 2000 – 2004 Liz Ryan Founder and CEO, Human Workplace Columnist, Denver Post at The Denver Post VP HR at USRobotics Vocal coach for Sound of Music at Thompson School District MS, Communications 1990 – 2002   Recommendations to apply I got more than a Computer Science Education at Northwestern Yes, academically, Northwestern is well known to be a challenging school. And, I learned a lot about Computer Science and other subjects. And, I got a lot more out of my 4 years in Evanston. I met my closest friends and partners at NU, including my wife. I made my first web page in the EE computer room. I gained a lot of credibility just from Northwesterns name on my diploma. I learned that I was not cut out to be a professional bassoon player. I played pickup basketball as often as I liked (pretty often.) Im a big fan of higher education in general and an even bigger fan of my alma-mater. If youre curious about NU and want to talk, feel free to connect. Tom Resing Web Communications Consultant Public Speaker, Published Author, Microsoft and Jive SME Yes, academically, Northwestern is well known to be a challenging school. And, I learned a lot about Computer Science and other subjects. And, I got a lot more out of my 4 years in Evanston. I met my closest friends and partners at NU, including my wife. I made my first web page in the EE computer room. I gained a lot of credibility just from Northwesterns name on my diploma. I learned that I was not cut out to be a professional bassoon player. I played pickup basketball as often as I liked (pretty often.) Im a big fan of higher education in general and an even bigger fan of my alma-mater. If youre curious about NU and want to talk, feel free to connect. Web Communications Consultant Public Speaker, Published Author, Microsoft and Jive SME 1993 – 1997, BS

Avogadros Number - Example Chemistry Problem

Avogadros Number Chemistry Problem Avogadros number is used in chemistry when you need to work with very large numbers. Its the basis for the mole unit of measurement, which provides an easy way to convert between moles, mass, and the number of molecules. For example, you can use the number to find the number of water molecules in a single snowflake. (Hint: Its an enormous number!) Avogadros Number Example Problem - Number of Molecules in a Given Mass Question: How many H2O molecules are there in a snowflake weighing 1 mg? Solution: Step 1 - Determine the mass of 1 mole of H2O Snowflakes are made of water, or H2O. To obtain the mass of 1 mole of water, look up the atomic masses for hydrogen and oxygen from the Periodic Table. There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen for every H2O molecule, so the mass of H2O is: mass of H2O 2 (mass of H) mass of Omass of H2O 2 ( 1.01 g ) 16.00 gmass of H2O 2.02 g 16.00 gmass of H2O 18.02 g Step 2 - Determine the number of H2O molecules in one gram of water One mole of H2O is 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2O (Avogadros number). This relation is then used to convert a number of H2O molecules to grams by the ratio: mass of X molecules of H2O / X molecules mass of a mole of H20 molecules / 6.022 x 1023 molecules Solve for X molecules of H2O X molecules of H2O ( 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules ) / ( mass of a mole H2O  · mass of X molecules of H2O Enter the values for the question:X molecules of H2O ( 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules ) / ( 18.02g  · 1 g )X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1022 molecules/gram There are 3.35 x 1022 H2O molecules in 1 g of H2O. Our snowflake weighs 1 mg and 1 g 1000 mg. X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1022 molecules/gram  · (1 g /1000 mg )X molecules of H2O 3.35 x 1019 molecules/mg Answer There are 3.35 x 1019 H2O molecules in a 1 mg snowflake. Avogadros Number Problem Key Takeaways Avogadros number is 6.02 x 1023. It is the number of particles in a mole.You can use Avogadros number to convert between mass and the number of molecules of any pure substance.If you are given the mass of a sample (such as a snowflake), convert the mass to moles, and then use Avogadros number to convert from moles to molecules.

Why Did the Labour Party Win Power in 1945 and Lose It in 1951 Essay

Why Did the Labour Party Win Power in 1945 and Lose It in 1951 - Essay Example The Labour Party was formed by the agreement of several labour unions to come together to form a political party. Back then, trade unions were powerful organizations and had the solid following of their members in order to push for their interests in one common and solid voice. The Labour Party has had its shares of success and failures since it was first established. The last prime minister representing the Labour Party was Gordon Brown, who took over from Tony Blair, also from the Labour Party in 2007 (Lynch 25-65, 2008). However, one of the most successful victories for the Labour Party in the history of UK elections was in 1945, when the party won its biggest majority, led by Clement Attlee, who was deputy prime minister under the coalition government headed by Winston Churchill. Winston Churchill was the conservative party head, and Prime Minister of Britain, and he was the one who led Britain to victory in the second world war that ended in 1942. Under these circumstances, it w as expected that he would win another term as prime minister in the 1945 elections. However, this was not the case as was dictated by many factors. First, there was the intergenerational difference between the masses and the leaders in power. While the former was made of younger people, many of whom had served in the war, the latter was made up of a minority few of the older generation (Butler and Stokes 1-35, 1974). The older generation was outnumbered due to deaths, emigrations to other countries and resignations. In these circumstances, the masses felt that they were not well represented. The conservative party had a majority of this older generation, while the Labour Party’s leadership was made up of fairly younger people, whom the masses could identify with. This increased the Labour Party’s popularity leading to their landslide victory in 1945. Issues of class also had a hand in aiding the Labour Party win the 1945 elections. The post-second world war environment in Britain was such that majority of the people were trying to rebuild their lives by working in different places to make ends meet. Many of these people were labourers and had to work long hours in order to earn their living. The general feeling was that the then current government was not doing enough to expedite changes that could improve their lives (Heath, Jowell, and Curtice 12-58, 1985). Within this atmosphere, the Labour Party came up with a manifesto that promised to do all these and more for the people. Their campaigns were effective and the people decided to give them a chance, hence a majority voted for the Labour Party. Attlee is considered one of the Labour Party’s most significant figures, because he managed to steer England from more problems during the Second World War by stopping Churchill from carrying out some schemes considered wild and dangerous, both to the United Kingdom and its allies, as well as to its enemies. Attlee was prime minister of UK for 6 years, until 1951, when he lost in the general elections of 1951. However, in his time in office, Attlee affected a lot of changes in the social and economical environment in the UK. For instance, he nationalized many industries that had been privatized, making them out of reach for many regular citizens. These included the steel, electricity, gas, coal, wireless and cable services, aviation, and road and railway industries. Attlee was also the one responsible for nationalizing the Bank of England which still stands to date. Attlee introduced a national health scheme by the passing of the National

INFORNO operating system Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INFORNO operating system - Research Proposal Example Here, the term varied computing systems involves not just desktop computers but a range of devices such as palm tops, laptops, set-top boxes and other communication equipment. The challenge in writing applications for a distributed and hybrid environment is threefold: firstly, the development environments vary greatly, secondly, systems and the way these systems present resources vary greatly and finally a varied network has varying security and authorization policies that may not necessarily synchronize across the network (vitanuaova.com, nd). Inferno was developed as a successor of Plan 9 OS primarily with the help of Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson in the Bell Labs computing Sciences research centre in New Jersey, USA in 1995 (operating-system.org, 2008). The entire team of INFERNO includes Sean Dorward, Rob Pike, David Pressotto, Dennis Ritchie, Howard Trickey and Phil Winterbottom. The primary motivation behind INFERNO is generating the capability to include a range of everyday use hardware devices into a distributed network. INFERNO OS facilitates the creation and support of distributed services in the new and emerging world of network environments, such as those typified by CATV and direct satellite broadcasting systems, as well as the Internet (Dorward et al 2002). Inferno is designed to accommodate the diverse providers of content and services from equally diverse transport and presentation platforms. From the above discussion it is evident that the main strength of INFERNO lies in its portability across several dimensions. Primarily, it is portable across various processor architectures. Currently it works with Intel x86, Intel XScale IBM Power PC, ARM, SunSPARC and MIPS (vitanuova, nd). Secondly INFERNO is portable across platforms. It can run as either a stand-alone operating system or as an application under the regular operating systems such as Window s and Linux (Dorward, Pike, Pressotto, Ritchie, Trickey and Winterbottom, 2002). Inferno's underlying architecture, the STYX protocol is the reason behind Inferno's interoperability. The protocol has been designed such that all communication is essentially handled through the file system which is very similar to UNIX OS (electronicdesign, 2000). Almost all of the INFERNO's capabilities and functionalities are based on Limbo, which is the programming language of Inferno. The primary reason for choosing Limbo to support INFERNO is because of its ability to support distributed computing. Multi-tasking is supported directly by the Limbo language. It supports multi-tasking with the help of independently scheduled threads that can be spawned, and coordinated which enable communication between tasks. It supports modular programming, strong type checking, interprocess communication, automatic garbage collection and simple abstract data types (Ritchie, 2005). Another motivation behind Limbo is its similarity to commonly used languages such as C and PASCAL (Dorward et al, 1997). So, if one needs to port INFERNO from one hardware or a system to another all one has to do is to modify a few hardware dependent functions. This is how it turns out to be an excellent operating system for all types of hardware and distributed computing. The system can be used to build portable client and server applications

Johnson vetoed the first and second reconstruction acts Essay Example for Free

Johnson vetoed the first and second reconstruction acts Essay The impeachment of the 17th president of the United States, Andrew Johnson was a key event in the history of Reconstruction as well as in the history of our nation. In the spring and summer of 1864, it seemed unlikely that Abraham Lincoln was going to be reelected. Not only had the war been going rather badly for the Union, but a president had not been reelected in the past thirty years and it was almost understood that Lincoln would follow that form. One of the ways in which Lincoln helped himself to get elected, as well as planning for the time in which the North and South would need to be reconciled to each other, Andrew Johnson, representative from the border state of Tennessee was selected. Johnson was a Southerner but he hated with a passion, his countrymen from the south who left the Union and despised them. However, despite his hatred for the Southern aristocrats, which Johnson had blamed for the Civil War, he certainly was no friend to the African American and this apathy towards their plight would be seen in one veto after another. Johnson also vetoed the Freedman’s Bill which sought to ensure that the newly freed African Americans would have land and a chance to make a new life for them and to ease the transition from a life of slavery to one of freedom. All of the above mentioned, led to the first impeachment of an American President. The radical Republicans became increasingly frustrated at the rate in which President Johnson was vetoing everything that they had worked so hard to form as it was their goal to make sure that the Civil War was not fought in vain. President Johnson, in the minds of the Radical Republicans and an increasing number of other representatives in both Houses of Congress, started to see Johnson as the enemy. When President Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, it was seen as the last straw and impeachment procedures begun. However, even though Johnson escaped formal impeachment by a single vote, his hopes for a second term, and his first full term, vanished as he was now seen in league with the Southerners whom he had previously professed to hate. When Andrew Johnson was selected by President Lincoln as his running mate in the 1864 election, many Republicans, especially radical Republicans like Thurlow Weed and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, were very suspicious of Johnson’s motives as he was from Tennessee. Their fear left when Johnson expressed his hatred towards the aristocratic land owners of the South, whom he had faulted for the start of the war in the first place. However, suspicion soon returned when Johnson made his feelings know concerning the need for Reconstruction in the first place: â€Å"Those states have not gone out of the Union. Therefore reconstruction is unnecessary. † This would be a theme that Johnson would keep through his formal responses concerning his multiple vetoes. Johnson was either hopelessly optimistic about the plight of the African Americans in the South, apathetic, or purposely took on a mission to help the white farmers against what he considered the legislation of the reformers to be in aid of the black farmer over the white. When Congress met in December of 1865, the first time that both Houses had met since the death of President Lincoln, only Mississippi had failed to adopt the lenient measures that both President Lincoln and Johnson had put in place in order to ease the transition of the South back into the Union. When it was realized that the Southern legislations had placed African Americans in a sort of quasi slavery through the restrictive black codes, Radical Republicans were enraged and sough to instill within the southern states, a series of laws which would ensure and forever protect the rights of the African American as it was their legal rights that were to be protected, the Union had the ability to ensure that these rights were enforced by their military presence in the area and to make sure that the Civil War was not fought in vain. These were the motivations of the Radical Republicans and it soon became clear, that such goals were in direct conflict with the motivations of President Johnson. The trouble between Congress and President Johnson began in February of 1866 with the veto of the Freedman Bill. The original bill had been passed in March of 1865 and it was up for its yearly renewal. The bill called for the redistribution of land to the freedmen, provided schools for their children and set up courts which were reinforced by the military which ensured that these laws would be carried out. President Johnson did not see the need for such expenditures and called it too expensive and unconstitutional. â€Å" I share with Congress the strongest desire to secure to the freedmen the full enjoyment of their freedom and property and their entire independence and equality in making contracts for their labor, but the bill before me contains provisions which in my opinion are not warranted by the Constitution and are not well suited to accomplish the end in view. † Since then, it has become clear by historians that this was not the true motivation of President Johnson. â€Å"President Johnson sought to return African Americans to a state of the oppressive and restrictive black codes. In being an enemy of the large land owners of the South, he still was no friend to the African American. † Also, there seemed to be a sense of ignorance concerning the condition of the African American in these southern states. Upon closing his formal reply in this veto, President Johnson said: â€Å"It is hardly necessary for me to inform Congress that in my own judgment most of these states, so far, at least, as depends upon their own action, have already been fully restored and are to be deemed as entitled to enjoy their constitutional rights as members of the Union†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This would mean, and it would be a common theme that would be seen in many of President Johnson’s responses to repeated measures by Congress to expand or protect the rights of the African America, that President Johnson would not be aiding in any legislation which helped to protect the rights of the African American, despite his aforementioned statements. The next measure which put President Johnson at odds with the Congress was his veto of the 1866 Civil Rights Bill. The Civil Rights Bill was put in place as a reaction the oppressive Black Codes which the South had implemented in order to return African Americans to as close to their previous slavery conditions as possible. Within these codes, African Americans were given a curfew, were not allowed to carry guns, serve on a jury or congregate with other African Americans in a group to name a few of the provisions. The Civil Rights Bill would later be used as a stepping stone for the 14th amendment which said that all persons born in the United States are therefore citizens and as a result, are entitled to equal protection under the law. In his veto of the 1866 Civil Rights Bill, President Johnson stated: â€Å"This provision of the bill seems to be unnecessary, as adequate judicial remedies could be adopted to secure the desired end without invading the immunities of legislators, always important to be preserved in the interest of public liberty; without assailing the independence of the judiciary, always essential to the preservation of individual rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was believed by the Radical Republicans that such beliefs were not only overly optimistic and ignorant of the current situation in the South, they were simply wrong. The Congress would override Johnson’s veto on the Freedman’s Bill and sought to do the same here. However, President Johnson continued to veto every bill that dealt with Reconstruction and further alienated himself from both Houses of Congress. 1867 would not be a kind year in the Johnson Administration. On March 2nd of that year, President Johnson vetoed the first of two Reconstruction Acts that would be presented to him. The Reconstruction Bill stated that in order for the previous laws to be enforced within the Southern States, the South would be divided up into military districts and put under a type of martial law, depending upon the severity of those who ignored the law. Again, President Johnson vetoed the bill as he saw it to be unnecessary. â€Å"This is a bill passed by Congress in time of peace. There is not in any one of the states brought under its operation either war or insurrection. The laws of the states and of the Federal government are all in undisturbed and harmonious operation. † This certainly was not the case but it would seem to be out of the character of President Johnson if he ever recognized the grave state that the African Americans were under within the South. President Johnson seemed to be oblivious towards this fact and his voting record surely did reinforce this notion. In March of 1867, President Johnson would veto his second Reconstruction Act which provided for military commanders to reconstruct the Southern states into states which would recognize the rights of the African American by force if necessary. In his veto, President Johnson again stated the lack of need for such pieces of legislation. â€Å"The existing Constitution of the ten States conforms to the acknowledged standards of loyalty and republicanism. Indeed, if there are degrees in republican forms of government, their constitutions are more republican now than when these States, four of which were members of the original thirteen, first became members of the Union. † President Johnson will always assert a sort of â€Å"lassie faire† notion towards the South; a notion that is in direct conflict with the Republican majority in both the House and the Senate and especially with regards to the very vocal Radical Republicans. Throughout 1867, The House Judiciary Committee, further irritated by Johnson’s repeated vetoes, sought to find some illegal activity in which to possibly impeach the President. However, upon their investigation, there was no evidence in which to do this. However, later that year, on August 12, 1867, President Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Stanton certainly was no friend of Johnson and there was no love loss between them. Stanton repeatedly undermined the President at every turn and President Johnson viewed Stanton as a hold over of the Lincoln Administration and not loyal to his administration. As a result of the firing, which was in violation of the Tenure of Office Act, eleven articles of impeachment were brought against the president. Ironically, it was this very law which President Johnson had vetoed earlier that year on March 2, 1867 in which he said: â€Å"The question, as Congress is well aware, is by no means a new one. That the power of removal is constitutionally vested in the President of the United States is a principle which has been not more distinctly declared by judicial authority and judicial commentators than it has been uniformly practiced upon by the legislative and executive departments of the Government. † President Johnson had overplayed his hand and formal articles of impeachment would be brought to him. On February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Johnson. Congress. The formal reason was the firing of Stanton but in reality, President Johnson’s refusal to adhere to the political flow of Congress, which at that time, sought to regulate by force if necessary, the Southern states into submission on the issues of securing the rights of African Americans. However, a President could only be impeached if he was guilty of â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors† as it states in the Constitution. Article I of the Impeachment document formally spelled out his charge of high crimes and misdemeanors: â€Å"That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, on the 21st day of February 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, unmindful of the high duties of his office, of his oath of office, and of the requirement of the Constitution, that he should take care that the laws be faithfully executed, did unlawfully and in violation of the Constitution and laws of the United States of America issue an order in writing for the removal of Edwin Stanton from the office of Secretary for the Department of War†¦.. † The impeachment committee was made up of all Radical Republicans: Thaddeus Stevens, Benjamin Butler and James Wilson, the most notable of the cast. Johnson’s defense, as President Johnson was never present at the hearings, was Henry Stanberry, William Evarts and Benjamin Curtis as well as Jeremiah Black who would later resign from the hearings. On the first day of the trial Johnson’s defense team asked for a forty stay since they had not been given enough time to gather up their defense. The trial, which was processed over by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, a former member of President Lincoln’s cabinet, allowed a stay of only ten days. Another six day extension was voted upon by the Senate and granted. On March, 30, the trial began in which Benjamin Butler, former Union General, talked for three hours in which he lambasted the President for his violation of the Tenure of Office Act and the fact that even that the President had given orders to subordinates of General Grant before even allowing him to see and review them. The defense opened by stating that President Johnson had not violated the Tenure of Office Act with the firing of Secretary of War Stanton and that Stanton had tried everything in his power to undermined the President at every turn. Also, the fact that President Johnson had not reappointed Stanton meant that his office was not under the protection of the Tenure Act. The prosecution called other witnesses but in the end, proved unhelpful. The prosecution added further charges to the President. Article VIII stated: â€Å"That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, with intent unlawfully to control the disbursement of the moneys appropriated for the military service and for the Department of War, did unlawfully, and in violation of the Constitution of the United States of America, , and without the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States†¦ there being no vacancy in the office of Secretary for the Department of War, and with intent to violate and disregard the act aforesaid, then and there issue and deliver to one Lorenzo Thomas a letter of authority. The charges went further in order to prove that the firing of the Secretary of War was done with premedidation. Article IX states: â€Å"That said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of his oath of office, on the 21st day of February, in the year of our Lord 1868, at Washington, in the District of Columbia, did unlawfully conspire with one Lorenzo Thomas, by force to seize, take, and possess the property of the United Sates in the Department of War, and then and there in the custody and charge of Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary for said Department, contrary to the provisions of an act entitled An act to define and punish certain conspiracies, approved July 31, 1861, and with intent to violate and disregard an act entitled An act regulating the tenure of certain civil offices, passed March 2, 1867, whereby said Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, did then and there commit a high crime in office. † It would also be the vocal opinions of the Radicals which helped the country to come to this stage in the first place. Charles Sumner stated that his objections with the President came from his many vetoes. † Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical Slave Power. In him it lives again. He is the lineal ancestor of John C. Calhoun and Jefferson Davis. And he gathers about him the same supporters. Original partisans of slavery North and South; habitual compromisers of great principles; maligners of the Declaration of Independence politicians without heart; lawyers, for whom a technicality is everything, and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against Equal Rights; these are his allies. It is the old troop of slavery, with a few recruits, ready as of old for violence cunning in device and heartless in quibble† Senator John Sherman voted to impeach the President because, he had abused his power and in his words: â€Å"Armed by the Constitution and the laws, with vast powers, he has neglected to protect loyal people in the rebel States, so that assassination is organized all over those States, as a political power to murder, banish and maltreat loyal people, and to destroy their property. All these he might have ascribed to alleged want of power, or to difference of opinion in questions of policy, and for these reasons no such charges were exhibited against him, though they affected the peace and safety of the nation. â€Å" However, there would be members of Congress which would come to his defense. One such member was William Fessenden who stated in his defense: â€Å"To the suggestion that popular opinion demands the conviction of the President o these charges, I reply that he is not now on trial before the people, but before the Senate. In the words of Lord Eldon, upon the trial of the Queen, I take no notice of what is passing out of doors, because I am supposed constitutionally not to be acquainted with it. And again, It is the duty of those on whom a judicial task is imposed to meet reproach and not court popularity. The people have not heard the evidence as we have heard it. † Lynman Trumble would also concur by stating in his formal decision: â€Å"What law does this record show the President to have violated? Is it the tenure of office act? I believe in the constitutionality of that act, and stand ready to punish its violators; but neither the removal of that faithful and efficient officer, Edwin M. Stanton, which I deeply regret, nor the ad interim designation of Lorenzo Thomas, were, as has been shown, forbidden by it. Is it the reconstruction acts? Whatever the facts may be, this record does not contain a particle of evidence of their violation. Is it the conspiracy act? No facts are shown to sustain such a charge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The trial had commenced and now a formal vote would be needed in order to either convict of acquit the President. In the end, senators who voted for his guilt numbered 35 and those for his innocence was 19 which was one shy of the necessary 2/3 vote needed from the senate. The Radical Republicans had gambled and lost and the zeal that the country had for Reconstruction, would eventually end with the Great Compromise of 1877. A quasi form of slavery would impede the African American from experiencing his equal treatment under the law and as a result, future laws which would be used. Jim Crow laws and grandfather clauses kept African Americans from the polls and placed their previous masters, as masters again. Also, the hopes that President Johnson had for reelection were gone and General Grant would follow him in two lackluster terms as President. It was a sad chapter for the President as well as the Presidency as a whole. Such events make historians wonder how the country would have been different had President Lincoln never been assassinated. Tempers among North and South might not have come to a head as they did and most accurately, African Americans would not have had to wait as long as they did for equal treatment under the law. The choice of Andrew Johnson for Vice President had consequences for the Union which could not have been seen when President Lincoln first appointed him as the Vice President in 1864. Only unhelpful speculation can possibly answer what the make up of this country and race relations for the forty years after the end of the Civil War would have looked like, had President Johnson, in the spirit of â€Å"malice towards none and charity for all. † Nobody will ever know. WORKS CITED Commanger, Henry Steele Documents of American History. New York: Century Press. 1947 Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals. New York: Simon Schuster 2006 Reconstruction and the Courts New York: PBS American Experience 2003 http://www. impeach-andrewjohnson. com/ Downloaded on June 5, 2007.

Employment Problems in the US Essay -- Work Corporation Job Loss Unemp

Employment Problems In The U.S. Downsizing, restructuring, rightsizing, even a term as obscure as census readjustment has been used to describe the plague that has been affecting corporate America for years and has left many of its hardest working employees without work. In the year 2001 we had nearly 1.8 million jub cuts, that’s almost three times as much as the year 2000(Matthew Benz). In the 1990's, one million managers of American corporations with salaries over $40,000 also lost their jobs. In total, Fortune 500 companies have eliminated 4.4 million positions since 1979 including the 65,000 positions cut in February of 2002 (Ellen Florian). Although this downsizing of companies can have many reasons behind it and cannot be avoided at times, there are simple measures a company can take to make the process easier on the laid-off employees and those who survive with the company. There are many reasons why a company might need to downsize. In today's corporate America, it is a plain fact that far fewer employees are necessary to maintain a successful operation. Many times, it is the case where a technological advance or breakthrough makes it possible to replace a previously human job. It is also an all-too-common scenario that outside influences such as sudden shifts in the market or changed government policies force corporate executives to make coinciding decisions regarding their staff and these external changes. The fall in interest rates and energy prices have helped companies control spending in the economic recession, but controlling these costs has taken some of the focus away from there employees and satisfying there wants and needs (Economist Vol. 362). Yet another problem facing the employment of our citizens. Another one of the major problems in today's business world are the salaries being paid to the workers. Since employers are not paying their workers high wages, the workers have little to put back into the economy. Some cities have decided to make mandated pay raises for employees who have been with firms for so many years. It would also guarantee that employees make well above poverty levels to insure that more money is being put back into the economy (Eric Roston). This causes the system to plummet and forces companies to downsize to keep from going under. Wall Street firms cut positions in order to bring the Dow Jones Security ... ...ortunities for growth and skill development. After a restructure, there are many ways an employee can grow vertically and horizontally within their company. Since so many positions are eliminated in such a process, the remaining employees sometimes need to learn new skills and adapt to handling greater amounts of work than ever before. While this may be an inconvenience at first, these skills and abilities can assist these people in future job searches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The downsizing process is a fact of life. It affects all people from managers to laid off employees and their families as well as those who remain with the company. It is something that will continue to occur with no end in sight. As long as our world market continues to grow, so too will the concept of downsizing grow. This process can lead to psychological problems, and creates anxiety and frustration for those of both ends of it. This is a problem that most likely will not have an easy solution, or at least not any time soon. It is something that we all must deal with in one way or another, and as for the victims of downsizing, the only thing they can do is try to piece their lives back together and hope for the best.

Global History †Famines in India and China Essay

The 1876-1879 and 1896-1902 famines in India and China were some of the worst famines the world had ever seen up until that point in time (Rouse Lecture). In China and India from 1876-1882, the estimated mortality was between 31 and 61 million (Davis 2001: 7). If the British and the Chinese governments had made simple changes in their policies regarding India and China, the results of the famine would not have been so catastrophic. In this paper I will analyze, Davis’ argument that â€Å"Millions died, not outside the ‘modern world system,’ but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures. They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Davis 2001: 9). Almost contrary to that he argues that â€Å"many were murdered†, emphasizing that â€Å"‘millions die’ was ultimately a political choice† and that â€Å"imperial policies towards starving ‘subjects’ were often the exact moral equivalents of bombs dropped from 18,000 feet. † (Davis 2001: 22). I will aim to analyze these relating to British dealings with India, Western dealings with China, the broader development of imperialism and industrial capitalism from the late eighteenth century to the early years of the twentieth century, and also Marks’ claim that there is never such a thing as a purely â€Å"natural† disaster? In 1876, a disastrous famine hit India, starting with an El Nino-induced drought that halted crop production. However, the situation rapidly got worse: due to the inadequacy, there was a major surge in food prices. The vast amounts of Indian grain exports to Great Britain prompted grain speculation, which further raised the price of grain. As prices crept up, the poor could not afford to buy grain, a dietary staple. Furthermore, in 1865, wheat exports to Britain numbered 308,000 quarters. Climate also played an important role in the 1876 famine: El Nino pacific currents brought heavy rains and flooding to some parts of India, but severe drought to others (Rouse Lecture). In fall 1877, the arrival of heavy rains, instead of alleviating the drought, brought malaria-carrying mosquitoes that killed thousands (Davis 2001: 49). There were many responses to the growing famine. The British followed Malthusianism: land does not have a natural carrying capacity. Furthermore, in the few instances when the British distributed aid, they refused it to those unable to work (Davis 2001: 36). In 1896, another famine began due to a failed monsoon and the lack of a substantial 1896 crop (Davis 2001: 142). Grain prices rose again; there was no stored grain to rely on: the excess shipped to England to make up for shipping deficits. People hated the poorhouses: the food they provided was dry flour, salt, and dirt; moreover, as soon as rains fell, the British pushed the poor out of the relief camps (Davis 2001: 147, 158). The British downplayed the famine; overseas, they created stories and paintings that depicted the British as saviors (Davis 2001: 155-56). Finally, by the late 1890s, the British focused their attention on South Africa and India was left to deal with her own problems (Davis 2001: 165). While the famine was happening there were certain British policies that intensified famine in India. The newly constructed railroads, portrayed as agents that could bring relief to the famine were used by the British to build up the inventories for export goods. (Davis 2001: 26). In legislation methods, by the Vernacular press Act, there was see a denial and hiding of deaths saying they’re other diseases, than the famine and also the approval of Anti Charitable Contributions Act of 1877 prevented the upper class Indians from helping. (Davis 2001: 34 & 39). Also relief efforts turned away people who could not perform hard labor(Davis 2001: 25 – 36). Seeing that millions had died the British did try to â€Å"prevent† famine again by setting up famine relief and insurance fund had been established in 1878 (Davis 2001: 141). They integrated Burma’s rice surpluses into imperial system. Laid more railroad (financed by Famine Relief Fund) (Davis 2001: 142). But there were many things they chose to overlook, particularly that they didn’t do anything about poor relief or the inflation in the prices of standard goods. They also didn’t spend any money on slum sanitation, which resulted in the Bubonic Plague (Davis 2001: 148). The 1876 famine in China was preceded by the worst Chinese drought in 200 years (Rouse Lecture). In previous famines, the Chinese state would provide generous aid; however, civil war threatened the Qing dynasty. As a result, they put all extra money into the military, as opposed to social welfare. Moreover, the First Opium War severally disabled the power of the Chinese state (Rouse Lecture). The British were known to grow opium in India and then shipping it to China in exchange for other goods the English were in need of. The Chinese administration had been trying to end this now flourishing trade for decades but were unsuccessful I their attempts. This system of trade caused considerable economic damage by the drainage of cash silver from the country to pay for the illegal imports apart from increasing corruption and voluntary unemployment. (Davis 2001: 12) Finally fed up and frustrated with the way the economy was plunging, the emperor too some drastic measures leading to the execution of important individuals involved in the trade (Rouse Lecture). Also the attacking the evil foreign ships in the harbor by the new Commissioner in the area sparked off a bitter battle between the two which ended in the defeat of the Chinese. The 1842 Treaty of Nanjing forced China to pay indemnities to Great Britain and to open up ports for British use: consequently, the Chinese could not give money to relief. (Davis 2001: 12) Furthermore, the Chinese moral economy had turned into a more capitalistic one by the time of the famine. The British, through the illegal trade of opium, instilled an individualistic profit-maximizing outlook on the economy. As a result, the poor received very little aid. Additionally, landowners began to use land to produce commercially crops, leaving even less land for peasants to work on: (empire financially and left bitterness over the relationship between the government and Rouse Lecture). Then came the Second Opium War in the years 1856-1860. This had nothing to do with opium but rather the fundamental problem of imperialism, competition. Other countries are starting to make trade-treaties with China (in other words, Britain isn’t the only imperial power), which leads to Britain wanting to renegotiate Treaty of Nanking and again making it more favorable to them. (Davis 2001: 12) They want to ensure their most favored nation status. They demand to open all Chinese ports, legalize opium trade, exempt imports from duties and again war breaks out and results in Treaty of Tientsin (1858) which again leads to the loss of China and meeting the demands of the British. The Taiping Rebellion, in which millions died, was a massive revolt against the monarchy of the reigning Qing Empire in China. Basically people are devastated and frustrated about China’s defeat in First Opium War and the reaction of the Qing leaders as ineffective and corrupt. Also the1850s flooding causes peasants to lose homes, and they join rebels. The movement was headed by Hong Xiuquan, an unorthodox Christian convert who declared himself the new Messiah (Davis 2001: 12 – 13). The government starts to take note and tries to stop them but Hong and their followers established the Kingdom of Taiping – â€Å"Kingdom of Heavenly Peace† on the basis of a classless society with wealth distribution. But holding their territory against imperial and foreign forces had become virtually impossible which led to their downfall. Almost inspired by this came the Boxer Uprising where a few radicals gathered around Beijing and tried to besiege the embassies of imperialists, as they were tired of the foreign dominance (Davis 2001: 13). The Chinese empire was extremely successful at preventing famine causalities in the past. Landowners and merchants refused aid from missionaries, convinced they would convert the Chinese in payment (Rouse Lecture). The Chinese government should also have cut the taxes: by attempting to gain money, the government stopped the poor from buying food. Finally, if China had limited their military budget they would have been able to keep up famine prevention measures. Both famines in India could have been easily averted by the British had they made certain changes. Lytton did not allow local governments to stockpile grain (Davis 2001: 29). Furthermore, the northwest provinces, historically a subsistence-based system, turned into a commercial system under the British: in order to restore British grain prices, grain was exported to Britain (Davis 2001: 51). If more grain had remained within the country, prices would not have risen so high in the first place. Yet at the same time, many of India’s maharajas gathered grain to sell at high prices, just like the British (Davis 2001: 50-51). Furthermore, the British insisted on collecting taxes from the impoverished rural farmers, who could barely make ends meet (Davis 2001: 50). There were certain social ideas, models and dilemmas that the British were the forerunners for. One of them was the idea of Liberal capitalism; which basically means that the society is based on the principles of capital in its various forms and that almost everything in the society had a price and could be obtained through capital. This idea of gaining capital led to the idea of obtaining it quickly, which came to the idea of imperialism, which was to use up the natural resources of foreigners towards ones own needs. Apart from that great thinkers like Adam Smith said, â€Å"famine has never arisen from any other cause but the violence of government attempting, by improper means, to remedy the inconvenience of dearth. † (Davis 2001: 31) which gave base to the idealistic imperialist plans, which were never really implemented. Around the time the idea of Social Darwinism came about which gave imperialists reasons to conquer new territories without worrying about the ethical issues as now they thought that it was just meant to be, as described in Rudyard Kipling’s â€Å"White Man’s Burden† (1899); which came up again at the time. If the British and Chinese governments had implemented these slightly different changes in India and China, the famines’ effects would not have been nearly as catastrophic. China’s numerous rebellions such as the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions wouldn’t have happened: there would be an extremely limited foreign presence in China and its people would not have been unable to provide for themselves. Without foreign influence, famine prevention measures would have been greater than those of the West would have been.